The ethno-linguistic composition of Austria-Hungary according to the census of 31 December 1910 was as follows:Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910, veröffentlicht in: Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Wien 1911.

Population

Area Number % Cisleithania(Austrian Empire) 28,571,934 55.6 Transleithania(Kingdom of Hungary) 20,886,487 40.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium) 1,931,802 3.8 Total 51,390,223 100.0

Largest cities Data: census in 1910Kogutowicz Károly, Hermann Győző: Zsebatlasz: Naptárral és statisztikai adatokkal az 1914. évre. Magyar Földrajzi Intézet R. T., Budapest 1913, S. 69, 105.

+ Austrian Empire Rank Current English name Contemporary official name Other Present-day country Population in 1910 Present-day population 1. Vienna Wien Bécs, Beč, Dunaj Austria 2,031,498 (city without the suburb 1,481,970) 1,840,573 (Metro: 2,600,000) 2. Prague Prag, Praha Prága Czech Republic 668,000 (city without the suburb 223,741) 1,301,132 (Metro: 2,620,000) 3. Trieste Triest Trieszt, Trst Italy 229,510 204,420 4. Lviv Lemberg, Lwów Ilyvó, Львів, Lvov, Львов Ukraine 206,113 728,545 5. Cracow Krakau, Kraków Krakkó, Krakov Poland 151,886 762,508 6. Graz Grác, Gradec Austria 151,781 328,276 7. Brno Brünn, Brno Berén, Börön, Börénvásár Czech Republic 125,737 377,028 8. Chernivtsi Czernowitz Csernyivci, Cernăuți, Чернівці Ukraine 87,128 242,300 9. Plzeň Pilsen, Plzeň Pilzen Czech Republic 80,343 169,85810. Linz Linec Austria 67,817 200,841

+ Kingdom of Hungary Rank Current English name Contemporary official name Other Present-day country Population in 1910 Present-day population 1. Budapest Budimpešta Hungary 1,232,026 (city without the suburb 880,371) 1,735,711 (Metro: 3,303,786) 2. Szeged Szegedin, Segedin Hungary 118,328 170,285 3. Subotica Szabadka Суботица Serbia 94,610 105,681 4. Debrecen Hungary 92,729 208,016 5. Zagreb Zágráb, Agram Croatia 79,038 803,000 (Metro: 1,228,941) 6. Bratislava Pozsony Pressburg, Prešporok Slovakia 78,223 425,167 7. Timișoara Temesvár Temeswar Romania 72,555 319,279 8. Kecskemét Hungary 66,834 111,411 9. Oradea Nagyvárad Großwardein Romania 64,169 196,367 10. Arad Arad Romania 63,166 159,074 11. Hódmezővásárhely Hungary 62,445 46,047 12. Cluj-Napoca Kolozsvár Klausenburg Romania 60,808 324,576 13. Újpest Hungary 55,197 100,694 14. Miskolc Hungary 51,459 157,177 15. Pécs Hungary 49,852 145,347

Languages

In the Austrian Empire (Cisleithania), the census of 1911 recorded Umgangssprache, everyday language. Jews and those using German in offices often stated German as their Umgangssprache, even when having a different Muttersprache. The Istro-Romanians were counted as Romanians.

In the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania), the 1910 census was based on mother tongue. According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language. This number included the Jewish ethnic group (around 5% of the population) who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking (the Jews tending to declare German as mother tongue due to the immigration of Jews of Yiddish/German mother tongue).

Language Number % German 12,006,521 23.36 Hungarian 10,056,315 19.57 Czech 6,442,133 12.54 Serbo-Croatian 5,621,797 10.94 Polish 4,976,804 9.68 Ruthenian 3,997,831 7.78 Romanian 3,224,147 6.27 Slovak 1,967,970 3.83 Slovene 1,255,620 2.44 Italian 768,422 1.50 Other 1,072,663 2.09 Total 51,390,223 100.00

Cisleithanian states (Austrian Empire) Land Main language Others (if more than 2%) Bohemia Czech (63.2%) German (36.8%) Dalmatia Serbo-Croatian (94.6%) Italian (2.8%) Galicia Polish (58.6%) Ruthenian (40.2%) Lower Austria German (95.9%) Czech (3.8%) Upper Austria German (99.7%) Bukovina Ruthenian (38.4%) Romanian (34.4%), German (21.2%), Polish (4.6%) Carinthia German (78.6%) Slovenian (20.7%) Carniola Slovenian (94.4%) German (4.9%) Salzburg German (99.7%) Austrian Silesia German (43.9%) Polish (31.7%), Czech (24.3%) Styria German (70.5%) Slovenian (28.4%) Moravia Czech (71.8%) German (27.6%) County of Tyrol German (57.3%) Italian (42.1%) Austrian Littoral Italian (39.6%) Slovenian (29.5%), Serbo-Croatian (18.8%), German (3.1%) Vorarlberg German (95.4%) Italian (4.4%)

Transleithanian lands (Kingdom of Hungary)

Land Mother tongues (1910 census) Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%) Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia Croatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%)

+ Land Hungarian Romanian German Slovak Croatian Serbian Ruthenian Other Total Danube Right Bank 72% (2,221,295) 0% (833) 18% (555,694) 0.6% (17,188) 5.5% (168,436) 0.5% (15,170) 0% (232) 3.4% (105,556) 14.8% (3,084,404) Danube Left Bank 32.7% (711,654) 0% (704) 6.6% (144,395) 58.8% (1,279,574) 0.1% (2,294) 0% (200) 0% (393) 1.7% (36,710) 10.4% (2,175,924) Danube-Tisza 81.2% (3,061,066) 0.1% (4,813) 9.5% (357,822) 2.1% (79,354) 0.1% (4,866) 4.1% (154,298) 0.3% (11,121) 4.1% (96,318) 18% (3,769,658) Tisza Right Bank 53.5% (945,990) 0.1% (1,910) 5.6% (98,564) 25% (441,776) 0% (486) 0% (247) 14.3% (253,062) 1.6% (27,646) 8.5% (1,769,681) Tisza Left Bank 61.8% (1,603,924) 24% (621,918) 3.2% (83,229) 3.1% (81,154) 0% (327) 0% (321) 7.5% (194,504) 0.3% (8,547) 12.4% (2,594,924) Tisza-Maros 22.2% (474,988) 39.5% (845,850) 19.9% (427,253) 2.1% (44,715) 0.2% (4,950) 13.6% (290,434) 0.1% (3,188) 2.4% (50,391) 10.3% (2,141,769) Transylvania 34.3% (918,217) 55% (1,472,021) 8.7% (234,085) 0.1% (2,404) 0% (523) 0% (421) 0.1% (1,759) 1.8% (48,937) 12.8% (2,678,367) Fiume 13% (6,493) 0.3% (137) 4.6% (2,315) 0.4% (192) 26% (12,926) 0.9% (425) 0% (11) 54.8 (27,307, mostly Italian) 0.2% (49,806) Croatia-Slavonia 4% (105,948) 0% (846) 5.1% (134,078) 0.8% (21,613) 62.5% (1,638,354) 24.6% (644,955) 0.3% (8,317) 2.6% (67,843) 12.6% (2,621,954) Total 48.1% (10,050,575) 14.1% (2,949,032) 9.8% (2,037,435) 9.4% (1,967,970) 8.8% (1,833,162) 5.3% (1,106,471) 2.3% (472,587) 2.2% (469,255) 100% (20,886,487)

Historical regions

Region Mother Tongues Hungarian language Other languages Transylvania Romanian – 2,819,467 (54%) 1,658,045 (31.7%) German – 550,964 (10.5%) Upper Hungary Slovak – 1,688,413 (57.9%) 881,320 (30.2%) German – 198,405 (6.8%) Délvidék Serbo-Croatian – 601,770 (39.8%) 425,672 (28.1%) German – 324,017 (21.4%)Romanian – 75,318 (5.0%)Slovak – 56,690 (3.7%) Transcarpathia Ruthenian – 330,010 (54.5%) 185,433 (30.6%) German – 64,257 (10.6%) Fiume Italian – 24,212 (48.6%) 6,493 (13%) Serbo-Croatian – 13,351 (26.8%)Slovene - 2,336 (4.7%)German - 2,315 (4.6%) Őrvidék German – 217,072 (74.4%) 26,225 (9%) Croatian – 43,633 (15%) Muravidék Slovene – 74,199 (80.4%) – in 1921 14,065 (15.2%) – in 1921 German – 2,540 (2.8%) – in 1921

The Germans in Croatia were mainly living in the eastern parts of the country where they had been settled along the Drava and Danube rivers, and the former Military Frontier (), after the Habsburg (re)conquest of the area from the Ottomans in 1687.

Religions

Religions/Confessions in all of Austria-Hungary Austrian part Hungarian part Bosnia and Herzegovina Catholics 76.6% 90.9% 61.8% 22.9% Protestants 8.9% 2.1% 19% 0.3% Orthodox 8.7% 2.3% 14.3% 43.5% Jews 4.4% 4.7% 4.9% 0.6% Muslims 1.3% 0% 0% 32.7%

Subgroups

The ethnic groups of the Austro-Hungarian empire subdivided according to their own sub-ethnic groups and regions they inhabited:

Germans The ethnic germans of the Austro-Hungarian empire spoked a variety of dialects, which the following were spoken in the empire: Central Bavarian (Austro-Bavarian) - in Lower and Upper Austria, Styria, Hungary, Northern Carinthia, Moravia, Salzburg, Bohemia, Carniola (mostly in Gottschee), Galicia, Transylvania (by the Landlers), Trieste, Bukovina, Voivodina and Banat, Croatia-Slavonia and Gorizia.

Southern Bavarian - in North and South Tyrol, Mochèni and Luserna.

Alemmanic - in Banat, Hungary, Vorarlberg, Galicia and Transylvania.

Franconian - Northwestern Bohemia, Hungary, Galicia (from the Rhenish Palatinate), Voivodina and Banat, and Bukovina.

Upper Saxon - in the Erzgebirge in Bohemia, Hungary, Bukovina and Galicia (colonists from Bohemia).

Sudeten (Silesian) - Bohemia in the Giant Mountains, Moravia in Schönhengstgau and , Silesia, Hungary and Galicia in the frontier with Silesia and the Carpathians.

Low German (Central Franconian) - by the Transylvanian Saxons, Zipser Saxons and in Galicia.

Czechs The Czechs inhabited the three traditional Czech lands of Bohemia (Čechy), Moravia (Morava) and Silesia (Slezsko), which had their own traditional ethnographical Czech groups (Moravians, Silesians). Further sub-ethnic groups of the Moravians included the Horáci, the Hanáki and the Moravian Wallachians.

Lower Austria was home to a significant Czech population; especially in the capital, Vienna. There was also significant Czech settlements in Galicia and Slavonia (Czechs in Croatia).

Slovaks The inhabitants of the Moravian Slovakia region (in current-day Czechia) were considered in the 19th century as linguistically, speakers of the Czech language, but ethnically belonging to the Slovak ethnicity.

There were Slovak diaspora communnities in Austria, Hungary proper, Voivodina, Slavonia, Banat and Crișana.

Poles Subgroups of the Polish population: Silesians (Lachs, Vlachs) Gorals Bukovina Poles

Ukrainians Ethnographical groups associated or considered part of the Ukrainian ethnic group in the 19th century included: Boykos Hutsuls Rusyns Pannonian Rusyns Lemkos Lyshaks (living in Maramures and Ugocsa)

See also Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary by county Minority Treaties Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) Treaty of Trianon (1920)

Sources

References

William R. Shepherd: "Distribution of Races in Austria-Hungary", Historical Atlas, 1911

Further reading Steidl, Annemarie et al. From a Multiethnic Empire to a Nation of Nations: Austro-Hungarian Migrants in the US, 1870–1940 (Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2017). 354 pp. King, Jeremy (2024). "Who Is Who? National Classification in Imperial Austria, 1867–1914". The Journal of Modern History. 96 (2): 291–331.