Events Pre-1600 70 BC – The trial against Gaius Verres for corruption is opened, with Marcus Tullius Cicero as prosecutor and renowned orator Quintus Hortensius as defending lawyer. 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during the Manchurian rainy season, with a Chinese army and navy.Samguk Sagi, Vol. 20. 1265 – Second Barons' War: Battle of Evesham: The army of Prince Edward (the future king Edward I of England) defeats the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, killing de Montfort and many of his allies. 1320 – The so-called Black Parliament at Scone tries William II de Soules and other nobles who had plotted against Robert I of Scotland and intended to place William on the Scottish throne. 1327 – First War of Scottish Independence: James Douglas leads a raid into Weardale and almost kills Edward III of England. 1578 – Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir: The Moroccans defeat the Portuguese but both the Moroccan king Abd al-Malik and the Portuguese king Sebastian die. Ahmad al-Mansur follows Abd al-Malik as sultan of Morocco while the death of Sebastian leads to a succession crisis in Portugal.
1601–1900 1693 – Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Perignon's invention of champagne; it is not clear whether he actually invented champagne, however he has been credited as an innovator who developed the techniques used to perfect sparkling wine. 1701 – Great Peace of Montreal between New France and First Nations is signed. 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: Gibraltar is captured by an English and Dutch fleet, commanded by Admiral Sir George Rooke and allied with Archduke Charles. 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, a fleet of six East India Company ships sets sail from Fort Marlborough to raid the Dutch VOC factories on the West coast of Sumatra including the major port of Padang. 1783 – Mount Asama erupts in Japan, killing about 1,400 people (Tenmei eruption). The eruption causes a famine, which results in an additional 20,000 deaths. 1789 – France: abolition of feudalism by the National Constituent Assembly. 1790 – A newly passed tariff act creates the Revenue Cutter Service (the forerunner of the United States Coast Guard). 1791 – The Treaty of Sistova is signed, ending the Ottoman–Habsburg wars. 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars: Napoleon leads the French Army of Italy to victory in the Battle of Lonato. 1814 – War of 1812: The ultimately unsuccessful Siege of Fort Erie begins as British forces attempt to recapture the fort and drive American forces out of Canada. 1821 – The Saturday Evening Post is published for the first time as a weekly newspaper. 1854 – The Hinomaru is established as the official flag to be flown from Japanese ships. 1863 – Matica slovenská, Slovakia's public-law cultural and scientific institution focusing on topics around the Slovak nation, is established in Martin. 1873 – American Indian Wars: While protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the United States 7th Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer clashes for the first time with the Cheyenne and Lakota people near the Tongue River; only one man on each side is killed. 1887 – Granny, a sea anemone, died in Edinburgh after nearly 60 years in captivity. Her death was reported in The Scotsman and The New York Times. 1889 – The Great Fire of Spokane, Washington destroys some 32 blocks of the city, prompting a mass rebuilding project. 1892 – The father and stepmother of Lizzie Borden are found murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home. She will be tried and acquitted for the crimes a year later.
1901–present 1914 – World War I: In response to the German invasion of Belgium, Belgium and the British Empire declare war on Germany. The United States declares its neutrality. 1915 – World War I: The German 12th Army occupies Warsaw during the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive and the Great Retreat of 1915. 1921 – Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict: Mikhail Frunze declares victory over the Makhnovshchina. 1922 – Enver Pasha dies in a skirmish between the Bolshevik Red Army and Basmachi troops, to whom he had defected earlier. 1924 – Diplomatic relations between Mexico and the Soviet Union are established. 1936 – Prime Minister of Greece Ioannis Metaxas suspends parliament and the Constitution and establishes the 4th of August Regime. 1944 – The Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse, where they find and arrest Jewish diarist Anne Frank, her family, and four others. 1944 – Under the state of emergency law, the Finnish Parliament elects Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim as the President of Finland to replace the resigned Risto Ryti. 1946 – An earthquake of magnitude 8.0 hits northern Dominican Republic. One hundred are killed and 20,000 are left homeless. 1947 – The Supreme Court of Japan is established. 1964 – Civil rights movement: Civil rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney are found dead in Mississippi after disappearing on June 21. 1964 – Second Gulf of Tonkin Incident: U.S. destroyers and mistakenly report coming under attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. 1965 – The Constitution of the Cook Islands comes into force, giving the Cook Islands self-governing status within New Zealand. 1969 – Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, American representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuân Thuỷ begin secret peace negotiations. The negotiations will eventually fail. 1972 – Ugandan President Idi Amin announces that Uganda is no longer responsible for the care of British subjects of Asian origin, beginning the expulsions of Ugandan Asians. 1974 – A bomb explodes in the Italicus Express train at San Benedetto Val di Sambro, Italy, killing 12 people and wounding 22. 1975 – The Japanese Red Army takes more than 50 hostages at the AIA Building housing several embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The hostages include the U.S. consul and the Swedish Chargé d'affaires. The gunmen win the release of five imprisoned comrades and fly with them to Libya. 1977 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs legislation creating the United States Department of Energy. 1983 – Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo, president of the military government of Upper Volta, is ousted from power in a coup d'état led by Captain Thomas Sankara. 1984 – The Republic of Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso. 1984 – The Ariane 3 rocket is launched for the first time, carrying the Eutelsat I F-2 and Télécom 1A satellites into geosynchronous transfer orbit. 1987 – The Federal Communications Commission rescinds the Fairness Doctrine which had required radio and television stations to give equal time to opposing views. 1995 – Operation Storm, the last major battle of the Croatian War of Independence begins. 2006 – A massacre is carried out by Sri Lankan government forces, killing 17 employees of the French INGO Action Against Hunger (known internationally as Action Contre la Faim, or ACF). 2007 – NASA's Phoenix Mars lander is launched. 2018 – Syrian civil war: The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) expel the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) from the Iraq–Syria border, concluding the second phase of the Deir ez-Zor campaign. 2018 – Crisis in Venezuela: Seven people are injured when two drones detonate explosives on Avenida Bolívar, Caracas while president Nicolás Maduro is giving a speech to the Venezuelan National Guard. 2019 – Nine people are killed and 26 injured in a shooting in Dayton, Ohio. This comes only 13 hours after another mass shooting in El Paso, Texas, where 23 people were killed. 2020 – Beirut Port explosion: At least 220 people are killed and over 5,000 are wounded when 2,700 tons of ammonium nitrate explodes in Beirut, Lebanon.
Births Pre-1600 1222 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (died 1262) 1281 – Külüg Khan, Emperor Wuzong of Yuan (died 1311) 1290 – Leopold I, Duke of Austria (died 1326) 1463 – Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, Florentine patron of the arts (died 1503) 1469 – Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1528) 1470 – Bernardo Dovizi, Italian cardinal (died 1520) 1470 – Lucrezia de' Medici, Italian noblewoman (died 1553) 1521 – Pope Urban VII (died 1590) 1522 – Udai Singh II, King of Mewar (died 1572)
1601–1900 1604 – François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac, French cleric and author (died 1676) 1623 – Friedrich Casimir, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1641–1680) and Hanau-Münzenberg (1642–1680) (died 1685) 1701 – Thomas Blackwell, Scottish historian and scholar (died 1757) 1704 – Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (died 1752) 1719 – Johann Gottlob Lehmann, German mineralogist and geologist (died 1767) 1721 – Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford, English politician, Lord President of the Council (died 1803) 1725 - John Newton, slaver turned Christian evangelist and author of “Amazing Grace” 1755 – Nicolas-Jacques Conté, French soldier, painter, balloonist, and inventor (died 1805) 1792 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet and playwright (died 1822) 1805 – William Rowan Hamilton, Irish physicist, astronomer, and mathematician (died 1865) 1821 – Louis Vuitton, French fashion designer, founded Louis Vuitton (died 1892) 1821 – James Springer White, American religious leader, co-founded the Seventh-day Adventist Church (died 1881) 1834 – John Venn, English mathematician and philosopher (died 1923) 1836 – Jens Vilhelm Dahlerup, Danish architect (died 1907) 1839 – Walter Pater, English author, critic, and academic (died 1894) 1844 – Henri Berger, German composer and bandleader (died 1929) 1853 – John Henry Twachtman, American painter, etcher, and academic (died 1902) 1859 – Knut Hamsun, Norwegian novelist, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1952) 1861 – Daniel Edward Howard, 16th president of Liberia (died 1935) 1867 – Jake Beckley, American baseball player and coach (died 1918) 1868 – Master C. V. V., Indian philosopher, yogi and guru (died 1922) 1870 – Harry Lauder, Scottish actor and singer (died 1950) 1871 – William Holman, English-Australian politician, 19th Premier of New South Wales (died 1934) 1876 – Giovanni Giuriati, Italian lawyer and politician (died 1970) 1876 – John Scaddan, Australian politician, 10th Premier of Western Australia (died 1934) 1877 – Dame Laura Knight, English artist (died 1970) 1884 – Béla Balázs, Hungarian poet and critic (died 1949) 1884 – Henri Cornet, French cyclist (died 1941) 1887 – Albert M. Greenfield, Ukrainian-American businessman and philanthropist (died 1967) 1888 – Taher Saifuddin, Indian religious leader, 51st Da'i al-Mutlaq (died 1965) 1890 – Dolf Luque, Cuban baseball player and manager (died 1957) 1893 – Fritz Gause, German historian and curator (died 1973) 1898 – Ernesto Maserati, Italian race car driver and engineer (died 1975) 1899 – Ezra Taft Benson, American religious leader, 13th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (died 1994) 1900 – Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Queen Consort of King George VI of the United Kingdom, Empress Consort of India (died 2002)
1901–present 1901 – Louis Armstrong, American trumpet player and singer (died 1971) 1902 – Bill Hallahan, American baseball player (died 1981) 1904 – Witold Gombrowicz, Polish author and playwright (died 1969) 1905 – Abeid Karume, 1st President of Zanzibar (died 1972) 1906 – Eugen Schuhmacher, German zoologist, director, and producer (died 1973) 1908 – Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor (died 1994) 1909 – Glenn Cunningham, American runner and academic (died 1988) 1909 – Saunders Mac Lane, American mathematician (co-founded category theory) (died 2005) 1910 – Anita Page, American actress (died 2008) 1910 – William Schuman, American composer and educator (died 1992)